Lexicalization Definition and Examples

...Lexicalization is the process of making a word to express a concept. Verb: lexicalize. Here are some examples and observations from experts and other writers: Examples and Observations The OED (1989) defines lexicalize (1) as to accept into the lexicon, or vocabulary, of a language, and lexicalization as the action or process of lexicalizing. In this sense simple and complex words, native as well as loanwords can be lexicalized. Thus, Lyons (1968:352) says that the relationship of the transitive (and causative) concept of to cause someone to die is expressed by a separate word, to kill (someone). Quirk et al. (1985:1525f.) restrict lexicalization to words formed by word-formation processes, explaining it as the process of creating a new word (a complex lexical item) for a (new) thing or notion instead of describing this thing or notion in a sentence or with a paraphrase. The use of words is more economical because they are shorter than the corresponding (underlying) sentences or paraphrases, and because they can be more easily used as elements of sentences. Thus one does not say someone who writes a book [...] for someone else, who then often pretends it is their o wn work, one says ghostwriter instead . . ..(Hans Sauer, Lexicalization and Demotivation. Morphology: An International Handbook on Inflection and Word-Formation, ed. by Christian Lehmann, G. E. Booij, Joachim Mugdan, and Wolfgang Kesselheim. Walter de Gruyter, 2004) Lexicalization and Idioms Despite a certain lack of consensus about the meaning of idiom, the identification of lexicalization with idiomatization is widespread . . .. Indeed, according to Lehmann (2002:14) idiomatization IS lexicalization in the sense of coming to belong to an inventory, and Moreno Cabrera (1998:214) points to idioms as the best examples of lexicalization. Lipka (1992:97) cites examples such as wheelchair, pushchair, and trousersuit, which have specific and unpredictable meanings. Bussmann [1996] considers idiomatization to be the diachronic element of lexicalization, which occurs when the original meaning can no longer be deduced from its individual elements or the original motivation of [a] unit can only be reconstructed through historical knowledge, as in the case of neighbor, cupboard, or mincemeat...Bauer identifies a subtype of lexicalization which he calls semantic lexicalization (1983:55-59), instancing compounds such as blackmail, mincemeat, townhouse, and butterfly or derivatives s uch as unquiet, gospel, and inspector which lack semantic compositionality (because semantic information has been either added or subtracted). Antilla (1989 [1972]:151) adduces examples such as sweetmeat, nutmeat, Holy Ghost spirit, widows weeds clothes, and fishwife, which are morphologically transparent but semantically opaque as instances of lexicalization. (Laurel J. Brinton and Elizabeth Closs Traugott, Lexicalization And Language Change. Cambridge University Press, 2005)It is important to note, however, that idiomatization is only one aspect of lexicalization, which is why the two terms should not be used interchangeably (as is sometimes the case). Rather lexicalization has to be regarded as the cover term for a range of phenomena, semantic and non-semantic. Bauer (1983: 49) also emphasizes that opacity is not a necessary pre-requisite for lexicalization since [s]ome lexicalized forms [...] may remain perfectly transparent, e.g. warmth--which must be considered lexicalized bec ause the suffix -th cannot be added synchronically to an adjective to provide a noun.(Peter Hohenhaus, Lexicalization and Institutionalization. Handbook of Word-Formation, ed. by Pavol Ã…  tekauer and Rochelle Lieber. Springer, 2005) Pronunciation: lek-si-ke-le-ZAY-shun Alternate Spellings: lexicalisation

Essay on Reproductive Health in Low Income Women - 1436 Words

The District of Columbia (D.C) is made up of 52.8% females, 54% African Americans, and 40.6% Caucasians. Of the roughly 600,000 living in D.C., 101,400 (or 16.9%) are living below the poverty line (US Census, 2009). Over the years, the poverty rate in D.C. has continued to grow. With this number growing, there is a profound need to learn more about the women that are being affected. That being said, it is important to learn more about sexual and reproductive health in low-income women. In the District of Columbia, many women are living below the poverty life and are thus unable to get the help that they need in regards to their sexual and reproductive health. As researchers, there is a need to investigate why this is and what can be done†¦show more content†¦In their research, Robinson et al. (2002) targeted African American women with low socio-economic statuses. While some participants dropped out of the study, there was evidence that an HIV education for prevention metho d was successful. After the study, researchers found that there was an overall better understanding of sexual anatomy knowledge, increased communication with children about sexual issues, and in some cases; safer sex. In the United States, there have been 19 million new STD infections per year. In addition, there are much higher rates of STD’s among racial and ethnic minorities than Non-Hispanic Caucasians. Through research, the CDC has been able to find that factors contributing to this difference are poverty, lack of access to health care, and an already high prevalence of STD’s in racial minorities (CDC, 2009). Chlamydia, a Sexually Transmitted Disease that is becoming more prevalent, has reached to 23,465 new cases in D.C. between 2004 and 2008. In addition, in 2009, preventative measures were taken in high schools to ensure STD safety. After 3,448 teenagers were tested, 10% tested positive for some STD (DC Department of Health, 2009). Understanding the high rates of STD’s among young people is most generally through understanding the relationships of the adolescents. When being researched, it was found that many adolescents had trouble with negotiating the use of condoms. There was an obviousShow MoreRelatedAbortion : A Positive Impact For Women s Reproductive Rights Movement870 Words   |  4 PagesDon’t let Hyde Amendment get your way I used to think abortion is really a personal choice until I learned my aunt’s choice. After borrowing enough money form my relatives, she finally gets an appointment for her abortion. For my aunt, likes many low-income women on Medicaid in Texas, the only choice for their unwanted pregnancy is either high-cost and late-term abortions or giving birth. This choice is not from their personal preferences, but is influenced with abortion legislations. 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Bus 475 Value Alignment Free Essays

Value Alignment Paper Edleen English BUS/475 March 13, 2013 Carol Sommers Value Alignment Paper This paper analyzes individual values and the organization, HealthCare Synergy, Inc. ’s, values as reflected by their plans and actions. It includes the origin and subsequent evolution of my personal and workplace values. We will write a custom essay sample on Bus 475 Value Alignment or any similar topic only for you Order Now The paper explains how individual values drive actions and behaviors while analyzing the alignment between values and actions and behavior. The paper will demonstrate analysis of the degree of alignment between HealthCare Synergy, Inc. s stated values and their actual plans and actions. It will attempt to explain the differences and analyze the degree of alignment between your values and the organization’s values as reflected by the organization’s plans and actions. Origin of Personal and Workplace Values After careful analysis of the origin of my personal values, I realize a great amount of my values are directly influenced by the upbringing I received from my parents and other close family members and friends, teachers throughout my education, and maybe even television and movies. Culture, tradition, and social standards helped in nurturing values such as accountability, consistency, commitment, integrity, leadership, and respect to name a few. After considering the origin of my workplace values, I realized these too were in direct correlation with culture, tradition, and social standards learned from personal experiences with people I considered close and valued throughout my life, including previous job positions and employees I’ve worked with in the past. Subsequent evolution of my personal and workplace values have a lot to do with exposure to different cultures, ethnicities, religions, and social and political influences. As my personal and workplace experiences increase, so do my expectations. Actions and Behavior Driven by Individual Values My individual values drive my actions and behavior. Personal morals and values add balance and stability to my life and allow me to exist as a well-rounded individual, both in my personal space and my workplace. Without core values such as commitment, dedication, consistency, leadership, loyalty, and respect, it would prove difficult to fit or mold into business settings and adapt to an organization’s business cultures. I analyzed how my personal values alignment with my actions and behavior by predicting the outcome should my values be non-existent. If I display the inability to possess personal qualities employers look for in the workplace- commitment, accountability, loyalty, integrity, leadership, consistency and respect- I will not be trusted or seen as an asset to the company when it comes to achieving their overall goals and objectives. Degree of Alignment: Corporation’s Stated Values Versus Plans and Actions HealthCare Synergy, Inc. prides itself in providing their customers with multiple options for office automation solutions, superior products and services, and a high level of customer service and technological skill. In order to achieve this, the company must make plans and take the appropriate actions necessary. The company must hire administrative personnel who are versed and knowledgeable in the home health industry. They must also employee software technicians who can fix glitches and trouble shoot software as well as work well with clients and prospects different cultures and ethnicities in order to assist their diverse client base. Medicare billing experts, clinical staff, and a development team are needed in order to keep the software compliant with state and federal health regulations. HealthCare Synergy, Inc. ill not be able to provide superior products and services and high levels of customer support that have kept them in the business for over years without staff who display commitment, dedication, accountability, integrity, consistency, respect, and leadership qualities. Individual Values Versus Corporation’s Values Based on Plans and Actions To gain market share in the home health industry, HealthCare Synergy, Inc. must set themselves apart from other software vendors by having a competitive advantage. They’re competitive advantage is they not only offer one type of oftwar e, they offer a variety by working closely with other software vendors who do not mind sharing the market share and developing interfaces. In order for HealthCare Synergy, Inc. to offer these types of tools and automation solutions, they have to work with business people who are also dedicated and committed to doing what it takes to obtain the market share. Networking with the right vendors, working with the right consultants, employing the right technical support, training, marketing, accounting, and development teams is crucial to the company’s success. These individuals will need to display qualities such as loyalty, commitment, dedication, perseverance, accountability, responsibility, integrity, consistency, and leadership outside of knowledge of the industry and how to gain the confidence and trust and cater to the wants and needs of home health agency owners. This paper analyzed my individual values and the organization, HealthCare Synergy, Inc. ’s, values as reflected by my plans and actions and their plans and actions. It includes the origin and subsequent evolution of my personal and workplace values. The paper explained how my individual values have driven my actions and behaviors while analyzing the alignment between values and actions and behaviors of HealthCare Synergy, Inc. The paper also attempted to explain the differences and analyzes the degree of alignment between my values and the organization’s values as reflected by the organization’s plans and actions. How to cite Bus 475 Value Alignment, Essay examples

The Sweet Whisper Of Death free essay sample

Death is a grueling event that happens in everyone’s life. If it has not happened, it will. Whether those who succumb to Death are murdered, overdose on drugs, or simply die of old age, they leave one’s life forever; yet, with that loss, said individual gains insight and a lesson that they will never forget. I happen to be one of those individuals who have lost a loved one, more than one in this case and on more than one occasion. While every time Death and I met changed me greatly, such as my grandfather dying of cancer, there are two particular loved ones who have left that have changed me the most: Jack and Hank, my two best friends who allowed the Sweet Whisper of Death coax them into his deceitful hands. In seventh grade, Jack, Hank, and I were inseparable. If all three of us weren’t with each other, there was an unstoppable force preventing us from being so. We will write a custom essay sample on The Sweet Whisper Of Death or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Jack had been dating a girl named Catherine since grade school and we had adopted her into our band of misfits. At this time, Jack had an extremely difficult home life. His father was an abusive alcoholic and his mother was never home to care for him. April 23rd, 2006, Jack’s mother filed for divorce which put a huge strain on Jack that would only build. May 16th, 2006, Jack found out that his girlfriend of over three years had been cheating on him. To add additional heartbreak, the person his beloved Catherine had been committing infidelities with, was Hank. Jack was devastated. All of the stress added up from his lifetime of abuse, his parents’ divorce, and his best friend’s betrayal caused Jack to finally listen to the Sweet Whisper of Death. On May 23rd, 2006, a month before my birthday, Jack committed suicide at approximately three a.m. I had been the first to find him hanging from Catherine’s studded belt in his closet. I was traumatized and to this day I still wake up screaming. Hank, however, was grief-stricken. In his mind, he killed his best friend, and he felt as though he needed to listen to the Sweet Whisper of Death to pay his respects to Jack. June 9th, 2006, Hank hung himself with his own belt in the school bathroom, according to the bathroom pass, at approximately 11:27 a.m. I had lost my two best friends to Death within a month of each other and He was definitely coaxing me to follow them as well. At one point, I had a carving knife pressed against my wrist, but then I realized, I needed to live for them. With the death of Jack and Hank, the lesson I learned was there are two types of courage: the Courage to Live and the Courage to Die. Jack and Hank had the Courage to Die; I, however, had the Courage to Live. I decided that with my new found courage, I would not let it go to waste. I used to be a â€Å"C† student, sauntering through school, just scraping by, I wasn’t involved in any extra curricular activities, and I had not put much value to anything or anyone; now, I’m a student that gets a 3.0 grade point average every semester at the very least, I am the Arizona Brazilian Jiu Jitsu State Champion, and I treasure every moment I spend with those that I love. If I had not realized that I had the Courage to Live, I probably would have followed Jack and Hank and listened to the Sweet Whisper of Death. I know I would not have made it thus far and it is a fact that I would not have been this successful in life. I miss Jack and Hank desperately every day and at the same time, I thank them for the insight they have blessed upon me and them helping me find my courage.

A Separate Peace The Dying Legacy Essays - Russian Revolution

A Separate Peace: The Dying Legacy By early 1918 in Russia, the Bolsheviks controlled only the north-western area of the Russian Empire (Petrograd and Moscow) together with the areas between and around them. Various opposition groups were formed against the Bolsheviks, under the new Provisional Government. The provisional government had proposed elections for a new assembly in late 1917; Lenin had seen that the Bolsheviks must act before this democratically elected government convened, but once in power, he allowed the elections to proceed. In the November 1917 polls, Bolshevik candidates won just under 25 per cent of the vote, while the moderate socialists polled over 40 per cent. Lenin sent his loyal troops to close down the constituent assembly the day after it convened. Russia was about to enter a bloody civil war, which was a culmination of the efforts of varied opposition groups to defeat the Bolsheviks, from which it would emerge into Leninist and Stalinist tyranny. The causes of the civil war are diverse. A confusion of governments and opponents existed, some based on minorities and nationalities. From these, the Lithuanians, Moldavians, and Ukrainians declared independence. There was a Polish dispute over rights of sovereignty which raised tensions between Poland and her communist neighbor that would lead to war. Moreover, leaders of anti-Bolsheviks known as the ?Whites? went to rebellion with the aim of establishing a power base and advancing from it to the Bolshevik stronghold (Years of Change, 402). With the ideal of ?Russia one and indivisible? (Alexeyev), the White forces consisted of three main groups: revolutionary groups hostile toward the Bolsheviks, former officers of the Imperial army resentful of ?betrayal at Brest Litvosk? (T A Morris) and national groups seeking independence for their particular minority. Lastly, according to T A Morris, the revolt Czechoslovak Legion was ? the greatest catalyst of civil conflict in Russia?. Alth ough the Legion had no specifically anti-Bolshevik aims, its resounding success against Soviet forces provided enormous encouragement for the White cause, and thus proved to be an external threat to the Bolshevik regime. All these factors were bound to culminate into a civil war, the legacies of which are painful, and yet necessary to some. In analyzing effects of the civil war on unity and stability, long term and short term effects should be taken into consideration. In response to the short term effects, the civil war created disorder in both the unity and stability of Russia, but in the long term, some argue that unity and stability was somewhat achieved through consistency. In relation to the former, rival factions were still around causing speculation on the effectiveness of a crumbled government. Moreover, Lenin and the Russian Communist party took control of the country. Workers' strikes, peasant uprisings, and a rebellion by the Kronshtadt garrison in favour of an all-socialist government were quickly crushed. In 1921 Lenin established the New Economic Policy to strengthen the country, which had been drained by seven years of turmoil and economic decline. On December 30, 1922, the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) was formally established when the ethnic territories of the former Russian Empire were united with the Russian Federated Socialist Republic. The civil war in Russia (1918-1920) decisively influenced the appearance of the first big political emigration of the 20th century on the social scene of Europe and the World. With the ideological and political conflicts intensified by the Bolsheviks to the point of exclusion, the Civil war has significantly influenced the quantity and the character of the Russian emigration. It is difficult (and almost impossible) to precisely determine the exact number of people that emigrated from Russia in the years of the Revolution, Civil war, and right after that (1917-1923/24). Most estimates point that in this period approximately 2 to 2.5 million people left Russia in this period,2 putting the Russian emigration among the most massive (political) migration of the modern era. In the early 1920s, the appearance of such a large number of emigrants, opened a number of demographic, practical, and political issues. One of the important side effects of the departure of large number of people from Russia was the fact that the international law regarding refugees (which is basically still used today) was built

Sinbad the Sailor essays

Sinbad the Sailor essays The stories on Sinbad the Voyager from the Arabian nights, are fantastic tales of voyages of a merchant named Sinbad. The stories are told as Sinbad tells them to a humble porter named Hindbad, who after complaining about his lack of financial fortune outside of Sindbads luxurious home is invited into Sindbad's home. Sinbad offers Hindbad dinner and a hundred sequins, a substantial amount, to listen to his stories. Throughout the stories of Sinbad the Voyager in the Arabian Nights the main character Sinbad lacks the classic properties of a hero and is only respected because of his exotic stories and his wealth. Sinbad throughout his stories fails to prove himself worthy and respected for any virtues that make up a hero. He lacks such fundamental virtues like courage strength and mental superiority. His only distinguishing traits are that of luck and perseverance and his love of travel. However although Sinbad may be an appealing and charismatic character its the stories that are appealing and not his behavior. The fantastic creatures and lands that Sinbad speaks of are the main attraction of the stories and Sinbad is merely a merchant traveler who lives to tell their tale. Although he is the one who manages to escape with his life when confronted with the perils however its luck that liberates him from the hazardous situations. Sinbad fails to show any courage in any of his seven voyages. His apparent acts of bravery are brought forth by his will to live, and are not influenced by any noble cause. He musters up enough courage to burn out the single eye of the giant on an island, but only in the desperation of having watched his companions eaten by the giant. Even in that situation they poke out the eye of the monster without any courageous encounter, in fact they poke out the eye of the monster when he is asleep and then they run for their lives. In Sindbads encounter with the ...

Research the principles of insulin production via genetic engineering Essay

Research the principles of insulin production via genetic engineering - Essay Example Today, however, insulin is commercially produced through genetic engineering, a process that makes available to diabetic patients worldwide massive quantities of the hormone without difficulty. Despite its evident usefulness, genetic engineering remains continuously haunted by ethical issues and considerations. II Homeostasis of Blood Sugar Level The human body maintains a consistent internal environment and one of the factors subject to this homeostasis is blood sugar, or glucose, level. At normal level, blood sugar in the body must be within 80 mg for every 100 cm3 blood. In the event that blood sugar falls below or rises above that level spurs the body mechanism to make corrective measures, a process called negative feedback, so as to restitute glucose to homeostatic level (Givens and Reiss 2002, p. 56). The homeostasis of glucose primarily involves the organs of pancreas and liver. As blood sugar level rises, such as after a high carbohydrate meal, the pancreas secretes insulin t o correct that level. Insulin is a hormone whose presence in the bloodstream indicates to the liver to start converting glucose into glycogen and store it. The amount of insulin in the bloodstream indicates the amount of glucose to be converted and stored. ... 56-57). III Diabetes Mellitus Diabetes mellitus (DM hereafter), the most common type of diabetes, is a disease caused by a metabolism disorder related to insulin function. Diabetes mellitus is defined by the World Health Organisation in 1980 as â€Å"a state of chronic hyperglycemia which may result from many environmental and genetic factors often acting jointly† (Ekoe 2008, pp. 5-6). There are four types of diabetes mellitus: type 1, which is insulin-dependent (IDDM); type 2, which is non-insulin dependent (NIDDM); diabetes secondary to other diseases, and; gestational diabetes, all of which have the common factor of hyperglycemia or high blood glucose. IDDM account for 5% to 10% of diabetes cases and NIDDM for 90% to 95%; the last two types account for remaining insignificant cases (Poretsky 2010, pp. 108, 116). Aside from hyperglycemia, the clinical symptoms of the disease usually include polyuria or the tendency for frequent passing of urine, polydipsia or excessive thirs t, polyphagia or excessive desire to eat, weight loss despite polyphagia, glycosuria or presence of glucose in the urine, ketoacidosis, visual changes, skin infections, sepsis and pruritus. However, except for hypoglycemia, not all patients suffer from all or the same symptoms and not all persons who suffer from any of such symptoms are necessarily afflicted with diabetes (Ekoe 2008, pp. 5-6). DM is widely thought to be caused by genetic factors, although the mechanism has not been exactly pinpointed. The etiological explanation, however, of the disease is autoimmunity in which ?-cells producing insulin are being destroyed resulting in insulin deficiency. The consequence is homeostatic failure of blood sugar level. Aside from genetic predisposition, infection and environmental

Published Financial Statements Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Published Financial Statements - Essay Example As the study stresses published financial statements are used by millions of people who depend on them for vital information. This information is, in most instances, on the financial health of the business concern in question. Tracy classifies these users as investors and financial analysts, vendors, or creditors, and the management. These users are the ones who make it necessary for financial statements to be published. Financial statements are published for the following reasons; To avail information and data concerning the company’s financial position and performance. This information includes the cash flow and profitability position of the company. This information allows financial analysts to assess the financial position and performance of the company and trends in the performance To avail information to outside investors who comprise people or organizations that may be interested in buying the company’s stocks or lend it money. Lenders need information about the company’s stability and cash flow. Publication of financial statements avails them with this information. To avail information concerning the likelihood of the firm to have enough cash to pay its debts in the immediate future. This information is needed by vendors and creditors in view of the fact that they advance funds to the company in form services and products. To avail information concerning the failures and successes in each of the many facets of running a business to the management. The management makes use of this information to identify relative strengths and weaknesses in operations and to find the areas to put effort to correct problems and enhance performance.

Paper on Skunk species (Memphitis Memphitis) Research

On Skunk species (Memphitis Memphitis) - Research Paper Example Hooded Skunk (Mephitis macroura). Among these five species of skunks, the striped skunks are the largest. Striped skunks weigh up to fourteen pounds and are about the size of a house cat. They have a stout body, small head, short legs with webbed toes and a bushy tail. The thick, glossy fur is black in color with a thin white stripe down the centre of the face and a broad white stripe beginning on the back of the head which usually divides into two stripes continuing along the back. The long, bushy tail is a mixture of white and black hair. The legs have long, straight claws which they use for digging and ripping apart things as they search for food. Male striped skunks are somewhat bigger than their female counterparts. The skunk has small eyes and ears. Although it can not see well, it has a good sense of smell and hearing. Habitat and Habits The striped skunks are adaptable but prefer open areas of mixed forests and grasslands. They generally live in the abandoned dens of woodchuc ks, foxes or other mammals of similar or larger size and only occasionally excavate their own dens (Encyclopedia Britannica). Since they have very little fear of humans they often inhabit developed areas and nest in houses, walls, basements, culverts and beneath buildings, wood and rock piles. The striped skunks are usually not more than two miles away from water. Although striped skunks can dig their own dens, they seem to prefer moving into ones constructed by other animals. These dens may have one to five well-hidden openings that lead to a system of tunnels and chambers (University of Wisconsin-Stevens Point). They line one of the chambers with leaves and use it as a nest. The leaves are also used to plug the openings to the den during cold weather. A skunk gathers leaves by placing them under its body and then shuffling along to the den with the leaves held between its legs as it moves. Skunks are primarily nocturnal i.e., they are active at night and usually solitary animals. However, mother skunks can often be noticed with their offspring in tow. Skunks leave their den to rummage for food at any hour of the day. However, they are usually away from late afternoon or evening through the night. They usually move within a radius of about 800 m from the den looking for food but may go as far away as 2 km in a night (University of Wisconsin-Stevens Point). Males become more active during the breeding season and can travel as much as 8 km in a night. Adaptation Skunks are active throughout the year but go into a state of torpor inside their dens during the coldest spells of winter (Welcome Wildlife). They prepare for the winter by going on eating binges in the fall and developing a heavy layer of fat and a thick coat. Unlike hibernation, which involves significant drop in body temperature and considerably slow heart rate wherein the creature takes only about one or two breaths per minute, striped skunks go into sporadic groggy sleep intermittent with periods o f active and awake time. Studies have shown that the heart rate, body temperature and respiration of skunks drop only a little. Skunks take long torpor naps in their dens and come out to empty their scent glands and look for food when the temperature becomes warm even slightly.

Challenges That Face The Organizational Behaviour Business Essay

Challenges That Face The Organizational Behaviour Business Essay Employee and customer satisfaction are the vital elements of an organisation to survive in the continuous changing world. To function effectively, the organisation must understand the culture and the diversity of the employees. Organisations must adapt to the changes of technology and customer needs, therefore the importance of the work force is a pivotal role facing any organisation today. In the past, behaviour patterns of the employees were not taken much care of, but today it is key structure to obtaining success within and outside the organisation. Every organisation has its own distinct behaviours, characteristics that portray the companys ways of building a positive and productive relationship within the work force. The companys philosophy, values, mission, vision, goals and objectives, communication, capacity to embrace changes, culture and learning sets as its model framework which outlines its function. Every detail of the behavioural aspect in an organisation is incorporat ed in the field of discipline now known as organisational behaviour. Organisational behaviour is a broad study of knowledge about how individuals and groups act in their respective organizations. Organisational behaviour in management can be viewed as the behavioural pattern of people in management; the manner and way people interact within the organisation. Management is to organise, control and achieve the objectives of the owners of the organisations that employ them. The management operates through the manager who exercises great care in administering the resources of the organisation. According to the Management guru Peter Drucker (1909 2005) the basic task of management is marketing and innovation. Directors and managers have the power and responsibility to make decisions to manage an enterprise to the best of their ability. Frenchman Henri Fayol (1841 -1925) considers management to consist of six functions, forecasting, planning, organising, commanding, coordinating, controlling. Business Strategy A key factor in the running of organisations is the business strategy the organisation develops. Business strategy refers to how a business competes successfully in a particular market. It concerns strategic decisions on meeting the need of its customers, the choice of its product, gaining an advantage over its competitors, exploiting or creating new opportunities. A business strategy is typically the direction a business will pursue and the steps it will take to achieve its goal. A successful business strategy will identify what a business wants to accomplish, the strengths it can bring to bear on accomplishing the goals and weaknesses that must be addressed prior to integration and implementation. Business strategy determines the direction of the business in the long run, competition in the market and resources required for it to be able to compete. These are all factors which affect the overall outcome of the business and have to be taken seriously in order to achieve the goal req uired. Case study A typical example of a case study of a business strategy is Vijay Patel a self made millionaire. He is the founder chairman Waymade Healthcare, a drugs company. Although he has achieved considerable wealth already he is not ready to give up: Ive got a long way to go. It isnt about making more wealth. It is about achieving the goals I have set for my business. My ambition is to become a mini Glaxo by 2010. (Glaxco is one of the worlds leading pharmaceutical companies.) Sunday times, 10 September 2000 Innovation and Creativity Another critical element in order to achieve organisational goals and objectives are what new ideas can be integrated to achieve success in an organisation. Many companies introduce new ideas and plans to achieve their targets and goals. This is an important part of future success within any organisation. New technology has become available over the years which have led to newer options available to organisations which seemed distant before. Companies structure the business on these advances in technology, allowing them to have a clear vision of what they would like to achieve in the future. This process of change is known as innovation and creativity. All organisations can innovate but where some will flourish, some will also fail. Introducing innovation and creativity will have positive and negative effects as new developments bring in fresh ideas which change old practises with new ones. The Challenge for all organisations is to keep ahead of changing market conditions, new technologies and human resources issues. Management of these changes are the most important challenges facing any organisation. The management have to be very adaptive and flexible. The management must have open, caring relations with every employee and face to face communication. There is also a systemic approach to business innovation, which includes change in organisation, strategy, technology, process, product and marketing. All of these will be affected by innovation and need to evolve to adapt with changes. Case study BT is unique in having an end-to-end open innovation process. The company scouts the latest innovations and trends in the market worldwide, creates prototypes rapidly in hothouses, uses its own research, and partners with academic institutions to create products and services for its customers. A recent successful innovation that was rapidly down streamed for use by BT Retail was the development of BT FON application for the iPhone and Android smart phones. They enable users to find the nearest Wi-Fi hotspot and roam to it instead of using the expensive data channel provided by their mobile operator. The concept for the application was rapidly developed by BT Innovate and Design researchers and developers to become one of the most downloaded free apps on both the Apple and Android sites. Control To achieve and maintain the quality within the organization is of critical importance which is through control process, which refers to examining the activities whether these are done in a planned and organized way. There are three types of control: market control which deals with the external market mechanic (price competition), bureaucratic control emphasis on organisation authority, admisinistration rules, regulation and policies, whereas clean control is related with behaviours patterns of employees such as norms, values, believes. Control is important to as it provide assurance in the terms of goal fulfilments. Control is considered as the final link in the management process. It tells us successful accomplishment of the organisation goals by examines planning empowering the works and their safety at workplace. The following three step control process involves: 1. Assessment of actual perform 2. Comparing it with a standard 3. Managerial discussions to correct deviations or inadequate standard in order to measure control process following measure are utilized: 1. Personal observed 2. Statistrical reports 3. Oral reports 4. Letter report To ensure control, it is very important to compare actual performance with the pre established standard in order to correct actual performance or revise the standard. Quality Control: Quality control is an important aspect of management which talk about added value to product and services which set them apart from competitors .it is an important part of companys strategy, important at every level of operations process. The goal of quality control is to identify mistakes and correct them as soon as possible. Quality built trust and productivity increases profit for the organisation. Traditional quality control emphases on mistakes rather then preventing them. Wall Shewort (1930) introduced statistical quality control, comprised of acceptance sampling approach and process control. Process control production: It deals with measuring out put and comparing it to pre-establish standards for example: canned soups are retained within certain temperature during processing. it temperature is too high, soup would have burning taste and if temperature is too low then there is a chance of bacteria in the soup. If process control procedure detects a shift beyond an accurate temperature range corrective action can be taken. Acceptance sampling process It tests a small sample and small sample is fine than the whole is also accepted. If sample is bad than the lot is rejected. Quality assurance People are key to quality and works, work hard for zero defects Total quality management It refers to when the workers (quality circles) discuss different methods to improve quality of products and solve production problems. This strategic commitment is known as total quality management, which requires 70% members support decision. Case study: Motivation Motivation refers to goal directed behaviour. It can be describe as direction and persistent of action. Twyla Dell describes motivation as what people actually expect from work they perform. The employee gets rewarded in return of their hard work to improve productivity, quality and services. Employees, who are motivated and dedicated to work, feel satisfied with their work performance. Their higher degree of interest results in better organisational development There are two major categories of motivation content theory and process theory. Content theory discusses the elements which serve as motivation for an individual at work and emphasis upon peoples needs and goals and effort to achieve their goals. Process theories deals with initiation of a particular set of behaviour, its direction and stability, involves expectancy based model, equity theory, goal theory and attribution theory. Major that comes under content aspect are Maslows hierarchy of needs model; Alderfer,s modifield need hierarchy model; Herzbergs two-factor theory; McClellands achievement motivation theory. Maslows theory According to Maslows to achieve self action the basic needs of a person needs to be fulfilled first. The second step is saftly.when the individual feel secure, he and she seeks love and develop esteem. Once these needs are fulfilled, self action is the high need to be fulfilled. Maslows hierarchy of needs model In the context of work motivation, Herzberg Herzberg presents his two-factor theory, which comprised of maintenance factors and Growth factor. Maintenance factor Maintenance factor are related with job, its environment .If an individual is jobless, and he or she would be dissatisfaction. Growth factor Growth factor, on the other hand, related with effort in Terms of improving job performance. Case study Tom Monaghan founder of Dominos pizza emphasises people behaviour at work striving to accomplish the goal and meet the challenges. When their efforts rewarded, the workers gain a sense of belongingness and recognition. He strictly believes in the light of his own experience that his employees got some dreams and are willing to work with an aim to bring their dreams in to reality. With this perception facilitates them to prove his belief right. In terms of career development, Dominos offers employees follow the Monaghans own success path who started out as a delivery person and moving up through the position of store manager. Following this tradition, Dominos employees have taken great opportunity to start their own franchises. Monaghan ran Dominos according to a modification of Alderfers model of work motivation with the belief that people need to be rewarded for their efforts and that most of them, like him, have dreams that can be nurtured and satisfied by material wealth. Whether these dreams coincide with basic existence needs or the need of some people to find self-esteem through possessions is a matter of debate among psychologist. Whether they can be practical managerial creativity. Monoghan also believed that people need a sense of belonging and that they want to cooperate with others in a successful working environment.thus, Dominos emphasizes teamwork. Even working at a somewhat routine and standardized job like pizza delivery, it is possible for a Dominos employee to b part of a group, a family, with the sense of belonging that families engender. In addition, Dominos has a clear system of extrinsic rewards, including the opportunity to advance and become a franchise owner.Thus employees have a clear expectation of what they must do to earn certain rewards. Finally, we might explain Dominos success by the fact that it challenges people to use their creativity. In a business as straightforward as pizza parlors, Dominos has found that innovation and creativity can play an improving the company product, in enhancing their own talents in the pursuit of their own opportunities, and in making the organisation successful Factors responsible for ineffective performance of work organisation and steps to over come As we discussed above factors responsible for effective work organisation. If any one of the above stated factors such as business strategy, innovation and creativity, quality control, does not function properly, the stability of an organisation is disturbed. And these disturbances put the organisational objectives at risk, leading to failure to achieve the desired outcome. According to a survey (2009), the Society of Human Recourse Management emphasised factors important for job satisfaction. These are job security, correlation with immediate supervisor, benefits, constant contact between employee and senior management, chance to show skills and abilities, appraisals, health and safety. Besides, there are other factors in the working organisation responsible for the unsuccessful performance of the workforce to accomplish the outlined goals. These are as follow: Lack of motivation Lack of Information Insufficient recourses Time management These factors and many other are important for successful work organization but in my view lack of motivation is the most important factor which put the whole organisation at risk and refrain it to accomplish the set goals. Lack of motivation Motivation plays a significant role in organising human behaviour at work. Increase in salary, rewards, and benefits, flexible timings, job security, promotions all keep an individual committed to their work. If any of these incentives are withdrawn, interest of the employees decreased and they start looking for some other organization which meets their needs. On the other hand, if the do not join another organisation, and remain in the same organisation, their quality of work decreased. They unable tp perform at their best. The worker might develop some psychological problems as a result of continuous stress. They consider the job as a duty irrespective of the matter that they enjoy it or not. They consider the job is the basic requirement to fulfil the basic need of themselves and their family. Manager plays a vital role regarding workforce motivation and keeping their morale high. Employees motivation is the key factor which effect organisation performance. The manager should know the aptitude of employees because every individual has different personality. The manager is to involve all the staff members in the decision making process and create friendly environment. The organisation must provide the opportunity to its work force to develop their knowledge and skills. They must be involved in different task in order to build confidence in their respective area. The employees must be provided with complete information about how to perform a task in a given time frame. They must be allowed to work independently, be capable of making decision. Their goal directed behaviour indicates task management with higher level of responsibility. Giving confidence to the employees to attend in higher level meetings provide more access to important and desirable meetings and projects. Employee might be added in specific mailing lists, in company briefings keep them aware regarding company matters. They should be provided opportunity to impact department or company goals, priorities, and measurements. Modern nature of work organisation Work Organisation Change Work organisation change refers to change within organisation which effects the internal as well as external environment of the organisation. Organisation change can be initiated by the manager within organisation and it can be due to changes in policy or due to some external forces e.g., clients demand. In order to survive, the organisation must have the potential to accomplished changes. Factor of organisational change 1. Uncertain economic scenario 2. Globalisation 3. Government intervention 4. Lack of natural resources 5. Swift developments in new technology and the information age; 6. Quality assurance and high standards of customer satisfaction 7. Increased flexibility in the structure of work organisations patterns of management 8. The changing composition of staff Change within organisation is related with time factor. Old dated material resources( (machinery, equipment) as well as human resources in terms of lack of modern skill and knowledge and lack of aptitude in the labour force results in change. These problems can be over come by regular repair of the equipment, physical material and update these with advance technology. While on the other hand, human resource management can run training workshops in order to empower their work force with relevant skill and knowledge in their respective area. Change in organization is an indispensible element in todays technologically advanced world. However, organizational change has faced many challenges in order to accept it by the members of the staff and even the organization as a whole. Due to its challenging nature, organisational change has been criticised keeping in view the following factors: 1. If the change does not meet the need of organisation and employees 2. If the organisation ignore needs and expectations of employees 2. If the employees are ignorant or have less information about the change 3. If the member realized there is no need for change When the employees have insufficient information, they resist change which might be a big hurdle to achieve the goals. Every member has his or her own perception and interprets the change by using his/her own particular perspective or frame of mind. For example Habib Bank Ltd. Pakistan (2007) introduced customer relationship officers (CRO) and employed fresh graduate with updated skill and knowledge. This change was unacceptable for senior employees and they took many years to accept this change by changing their perception with the help of continues meetings and organising socials and training workshop combined with the new staff. Similarly, habits of the members serve as a source of security and when change is necessary, it leads to resistance. Effort is required to provide some rewards in order to build new habits. Change is also perceived as loss of freedom and economic implications, insecurity and fear of the unknown. For example introduction to new technology put heavy pressure on members in order to maintain their position in the orgnisation. Another major criticism is when the organisation resists the change as they are comfortable with the structure, environment and rules, already established within organisation. The possible reasons might be organisation culture, maintaining stability, investment in resources past agreements and threats to power. Organisational culture The development of the culture of an organisation is a long term process, and influence the organisation process and behaviour pattern of the staff members. So it is not easy to bring change and accept it promptly. However, ineffective culture is prone to change easily. Maintaining stability Large organisation more often sounds to be stable. Therefore change in organisation structure, rules, division of tasks leads to resistance to accept change. Investment in resources: To bring change, large resources are also required. Therefore the organisation experience difficulties if their resources are already invested in some project. Similarly past contracts of an organisation with some other organisation can cause resistance to accept change. Lastly change might be perceived as a threat by some group in power. As a result of change, there is strong chance that their influence on decision making or resource is minimized. Case study The following case study provides evidence regarding the outcome of organisation change. These outcomes are related with leadership, motivation, culture change

A New Way of Teaching Essay -- Education, teachers

There are three different stages in education. Primary Education starts in Preschool and goes all the way up to 6th grade. Teachers in the Elementary School teach students the basic subjects that will prepare them for the next stage. The second stage and probably the most important stage is Secondary Education that starts in 7th grade and goes all the way up to 12th grade. Throughout these grades students start to learn more advanced subjects, most of which they need so that they can get an idea of what they want to do for a future career after they graduate. As a Secondary Education teacher it is their job to prepare their students for the final stage in education which is Higher Education, if the student is planning on attending a college or university. They introduce them to many new subjects that can give them an idea of what they are interested in so that choosing a future career is easier. The most important part of being a high school teacher however is preparing their studen ts for adulthood. They have to get the students to realize that after high school they are the ones that have to decide their future. A high school teacher guides their students towards achieving their goals and motivates them to further their knowledge so that they can become successful in life. Ultimately the teacher must realize that once the student graduates it is his/her choice on what they want to do with their life. The only thing the teacher can hope for is that the student learned something from and uses it to become successful. Students that want to further their knowledge will enter the third and final stage of education which is Higher Education. In this stage the student attends either a college or university and chooses a specific care... ...w to learn different teaching styles so that class is not boring. By mixing the classroom up a little bit each time it can be a really successful class. Students should look up to their teachers because in the end they should realize that they are only trying to help them achieve their goals and help them prepare for what is to come in the future. I believe that the greatest gifts we can give our children are the same kind of values these teachers demonstrate. Then our children can also become unforgettable teachers, sharing values that will inspire happiness and faith for future generations (Brunkhorst 1). Education itself is important because without one, life is not going to be so easy once high school is over. In order to become successful you need to have an degree in any type of career that you enjoy that way you can prepare for a future you can be proud of.