Lexicalization Definition and Examples

...Lexicalization is the process of making a word to express a concept. Verb: lexicalize. Here are some examples and observations from experts and other writers: Examples and Observations The OED (1989) defines lexicalize (1) as to accept into the lexicon, or vocabulary, of a language, and lexicalization as the action or process of lexicalizing. In this sense simple and complex words, native as well as loanwords can be lexicalized. Thus, Lyons (1968:352) says that the relationship of the transitive (and causative) concept of to cause someone to die is expressed by a separate word, to kill (someone). Quirk et al. (1985:1525f.) restrict lexicalization to words formed by word-formation processes, explaining it as the process of creating a new word (a complex lexical item) for a (new) thing or notion instead of describing this thing or notion in a sentence or with a paraphrase. The use of words is more economical because they are shorter than the corresponding (underlying) sentences or paraphrases, and because they can be more easily used as elements of sentences. Thus one does not say someone who writes a book [...] for someone else, who then often pretends it is their o wn work, one says ghostwriter instead . . ..(Hans Sauer, Lexicalization and Demotivation. Morphology: An International Handbook on Inflection and Word-Formation, ed. by Christian Lehmann, G. E. Booij, Joachim Mugdan, and Wolfgang Kesselheim. Walter de Gruyter, 2004) Lexicalization and Idioms Despite a certain lack of consensus about the meaning of idiom, the identification of lexicalization with idiomatization is widespread . . .. Indeed, according to Lehmann (2002:14) idiomatization IS lexicalization in the sense of coming to belong to an inventory, and Moreno Cabrera (1998:214) points to idioms as the best examples of lexicalization. Lipka (1992:97) cites examples such as wheelchair, pushchair, and trousersuit, which have specific and unpredictable meanings. Bussmann [1996] considers idiomatization to be the diachronic element of lexicalization, which occurs when the original meaning can no longer be deduced from its individual elements or the original motivation of [a] unit can only be reconstructed through historical knowledge, as in the case of neighbor, cupboard, or mincemeat...Bauer identifies a subtype of lexicalization which he calls semantic lexicalization (1983:55-59), instancing compounds such as blackmail, mincemeat, townhouse, and butterfly or derivatives s uch as unquiet, gospel, and inspector which lack semantic compositionality (because semantic information has been either added or subtracted). Antilla (1989 [1972]:151) adduces examples such as sweetmeat, nutmeat, Holy Ghost spirit, widows weeds clothes, and fishwife, which are morphologically transparent but semantically opaque as instances of lexicalization. (Laurel J. Brinton and Elizabeth Closs Traugott, Lexicalization And Language Change. Cambridge University Press, 2005)It is important to note, however, that idiomatization is only one aspect of lexicalization, which is why the two terms should not be used interchangeably (as is sometimes the case). Rather lexicalization has to be regarded as the cover term for a range of phenomena, semantic and non-semantic. Bauer (1983: 49) also emphasizes that opacity is not a necessary pre-requisite for lexicalization since [s]ome lexicalized forms [...] may remain perfectly transparent, e.g. warmth--which must be considered lexicalized bec ause the suffix -th cannot be added synchronically to an adjective to provide a noun.(Peter Hohenhaus, Lexicalization and Institutionalization. Handbook of Word-Formation, ed. by Pavol Ã…  tekauer and Rochelle Lieber. Springer, 2005) Pronunciation: lek-si-ke-le-ZAY-shun Alternate Spellings: lexicalisation

Essay on Reproductive Health in Low Income Women - 1436 Words

The District of Columbia (D.C) is made up of 52.8% females, 54% African Americans, and 40.6% Caucasians. Of the roughly 600,000 living in D.C., 101,400 (or 16.9%) are living below the poverty line (US Census, 2009). Over the years, the poverty rate in D.C. has continued to grow. With this number growing, there is a profound need to learn more about the women that are being affected. That being said, it is important to learn more about sexual and reproductive health in low-income women. In the District of Columbia, many women are living below the poverty life and are thus unable to get the help that they need in regards to their sexual and reproductive health. As researchers, there is a need to investigate why this is and what can be done†¦show more content†¦In their research, Robinson et al. (2002) targeted African American women with low socio-economic statuses. While some participants dropped out of the study, there was evidence that an HIV education for prevention metho d was successful. After the study, researchers found that there was an overall better understanding of sexual anatomy knowledge, increased communication with children about sexual issues, and in some cases; safer sex. In the United States, there have been 19 million new STD infections per year. In addition, there are much higher rates of STD’s among racial and ethnic minorities than Non-Hispanic Caucasians. Through research, the CDC has been able to find that factors contributing to this difference are poverty, lack of access to health care, and an already high prevalence of STD’s in racial minorities (CDC, 2009). Chlamydia, a Sexually Transmitted Disease that is becoming more prevalent, has reached to 23,465 new cases in D.C. between 2004 and 2008. In addition, in 2009, preventative measures were taken in high schools to ensure STD safety. After 3,448 teenagers were tested, 10% tested positive for some STD (DC Department of Health, 2009). Understanding the high rates of STD’s among young people is most generally through understanding the relationships of the adolescents. When being researched, it was found that many adolescents had trouble with negotiating the use of condoms. There was an obviousShow MoreRelatedAbortion : A Positive Impact For Women s Reproductive Rights Movement870 Words   |  4 PagesDon’t let Hyde Amendment get your way I used to think abortion is really a personal choice until I learned my aunt’s choice. After borrowing enough money form my relatives, she finally gets an appointment for her abortion. For my aunt, likes many low-income women on Medicaid in Texas, the only choice for their unwanted pregnancy is either high-cost and late-term abortions or giving birth. This choice is not from their personal preferences, but is influenced with abortion legislations. 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Bus 475 Value Alignment Free Essays

Value Alignment Paper Edleen English BUS/475 March 13, 2013 Carol Sommers Value Alignment Paper This paper analyzes individual values and the organization, HealthCare Synergy, Inc. ’s, values as reflected by their plans and actions. It includes the origin and subsequent evolution of my personal and workplace values. We will write a custom essay sample on Bus 475 Value Alignment or any similar topic only for you Order Now The paper explains how individual values drive actions and behaviors while analyzing the alignment between values and actions and behavior. The paper will demonstrate analysis of the degree of alignment between HealthCare Synergy, Inc. s stated values and their actual plans and actions. It will attempt to explain the differences and analyze the degree of alignment between your values and the organization’s values as reflected by the organization’s plans and actions. Origin of Personal and Workplace Values After careful analysis of the origin of my personal values, I realize a great amount of my values are directly influenced by the upbringing I received from my parents and other close family members and friends, teachers throughout my education, and maybe even television and movies. Culture, tradition, and social standards helped in nurturing values such as accountability, consistency, commitment, integrity, leadership, and respect to name a few. After considering the origin of my workplace values, I realized these too were in direct correlation with culture, tradition, and social standards learned from personal experiences with people I considered close and valued throughout my life, including previous job positions and employees I’ve worked with in the past. Subsequent evolution of my personal and workplace values have a lot to do with exposure to different cultures, ethnicities, religions, and social and political influences. As my personal and workplace experiences increase, so do my expectations. Actions and Behavior Driven by Individual Values My individual values drive my actions and behavior. Personal morals and values add balance and stability to my life and allow me to exist as a well-rounded individual, both in my personal space and my workplace. Without core values such as commitment, dedication, consistency, leadership, loyalty, and respect, it would prove difficult to fit or mold into business settings and adapt to an organization’s business cultures. I analyzed how my personal values alignment with my actions and behavior by predicting the outcome should my values be non-existent. If I display the inability to possess personal qualities employers look for in the workplace- commitment, accountability, loyalty, integrity, leadership, consistency and respect- I will not be trusted or seen as an asset to the company when it comes to achieving their overall goals and objectives. Degree of Alignment: Corporation’s Stated Values Versus Plans and Actions HealthCare Synergy, Inc. prides itself in providing their customers with multiple options for office automation solutions, superior products and services, and a high level of customer service and technological skill. In order to achieve this, the company must make plans and take the appropriate actions necessary. The company must hire administrative personnel who are versed and knowledgeable in the home health industry. They must also employee software technicians who can fix glitches and trouble shoot software as well as work well with clients and prospects different cultures and ethnicities in order to assist their diverse client base. Medicare billing experts, clinical staff, and a development team are needed in order to keep the software compliant with state and federal health regulations. HealthCare Synergy, Inc. ill not be able to provide superior products and services and high levels of customer support that have kept them in the business for over years without staff who display commitment, dedication, accountability, integrity, consistency, respect, and leadership qualities. Individual Values Versus Corporation’s Values Based on Plans and Actions To gain market share in the home health industry, HealthCare Synergy, Inc. must set themselves apart from other software vendors by having a competitive advantage. They’re competitive advantage is they not only offer one type of oftwar e, they offer a variety by working closely with other software vendors who do not mind sharing the market share and developing interfaces. In order for HealthCare Synergy, Inc. to offer these types of tools and automation solutions, they have to work with business people who are also dedicated and committed to doing what it takes to obtain the market share. Networking with the right vendors, working with the right consultants, employing the right technical support, training, marketing, accounting, and development teams is crucial to the company’s success. These individuals will need to display qualities such as loyalty, commitment, dedication, perseverance, accountability, responsibility, integrity, consistency, and leadership outside of knowledge of the industry and how to gain the confidence and trust and cater to the wants and needs of home health agency owners. This paper analyzed my individual values and the organization, HealthCare Synergy, Inc. ’s, values as reflected by my plans and actions and their plans and actions. It includes the origin and subsequent evolution of my personal and workplace values. The paper explained how my individual values have driven my actions and behaviors while analyzing the alignment between values and actions and behaviors of HealthCare Synergy, Inc. The paper also attempted to explain the differences and analyzes the degree of alignment between my values and the organization’s values as reflected by the organization’s plans and actions. How to cite Bus 475 Value Alignment, Essay examples

The Sweet Whisper Of Death free essay sample

Death is a grueling event that happens in everyone’s life. If it has not happened, it will. Whether those who succumb to Death are murdered, overdose on drugs, or simply die of old age, they leave one’s life forever; yet, with that loss, said individual gains insight and a lesson that they will never forget. I happen to be one of those individuals who have lost a loved one, more than one in this case and on more than one occasion. While every time Death and I met changed me greatly, such as my grandfather dying of cancer, there are two particular loved ones who have left that have changed me the most: Jack and Hank, my two best friends who allowed the Sweet Whisper of Death coax them into his deceitful hands. In seventh grade, Jack, Hank, and I were inseparable. If all three of us weren’t with each other, there was an unstoppable force preventing us from being so. We will write a custom essay sample on The Sweet Whisper Of Death or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Jack had been dating a girl named Catherine since grade school and we had adopted her into our band of misfits. At this time, Jack had an extremely difficult home life. His father was an abusive alcoholic and his mother was never home to care for him. April 23rd, 2006, Jack’s mother filed for divorce which put a huge strain on Jack that would only build. May 16th, 2006, Jack found out that his girlfriend of over three years had been cheating on him. To add additional heartbreak, the person his beloved Catherine had been committing infidelities with, was Hank. Jack was devastated. All of the stress added up from his lifetime of abuse, his parents’ divorce, and his best friend’s betrayal caused Jack to finally listen to the Sweet Whisper of Death. On May 23rd, 2006, a month before my birthday, Jack committed suicide at approximately three a.m. I had been the first to find him hanging from Catherine’s studded belt in his closet. I was traumatized and to this day I still wake up screaming. Hank, however, was grief-stricken. In his mind, he killed his best friend, and he felt as though he needed to listen to the Sweet Whisper of Death to pay his respects to Jack. June 9th, 2006, Hank hung himself with his own belt in the school bathroom, according to the bathroom pass, at approximately 11:27 a.m. I had lost my two best friends to Death within a month of each other and He was definitely coaxing me to follow them as well. At one point, I had a carving knife pressed against my wrist, but then I realized, I needed to live for them. With the death of Jack and Hank, the lesson I learned was there are two types of courage: the Courage to Live and the Courage to Die. Jack and Hank had the Courage to Die; I, however, had the Courage to Live. I decided that with my new found courage, I would not let it go to waste. I used to be a â€Å"C† student, sauntering through school, just scraping by, I wasn’t involved in any extra curricular activities, and I had not put much value to anything or anyone; now, I’m a student that gets a 3.0 grade point average every semester at the very least, I am the Arizona Brazilian Jiu Jitsu State Champion, and I treasure every moment I spend with those that I love. If I had not realized that I had the Courage to Live, I probably would have followed Jack and Hank and listened to the Sweet Whisper of Death. I know I would not have made it thus far and it is a fact that I would not have been this successful in life. I miss Jack and Hank desperately every day and at the same time, I thank them for the insight they have blessed upon me and them helping me find my courage.